Content originally published on Parker Hannifin's blog.
Cleanliness is a game of microns. Most OEMs consider any particle in their system measuring more than 500 microns (1/2 millimeter) unacceptable because microscopic particles of this size have been known to contaminate hydraulic systems and ruin expensive machinery. Industry professionals are adopting cleanliness testing programs designed to monitor and control contamination to help prevent this from happening.
A $1 hydraulic fitting can ruin a $10,000 valve or other expensive components in your system. Microscopic metal flakes that fall off tube fittings during installation can travel through the hydraulic system and shred a servo valve depending on the flake size. That’s a costly $1 fitting. It’s no wonder OEMs are placing increased emphasis on system cleanliness to optimize system efficiency and extend machine life.
Which cleanliness measure is right for your hydraulic system’s health?
The two most common methods of testing for cleanliness are ISO 4406 and ISO 4405. In a nutshell, ISO 4406 is the preferred testing method when the overall cleanliness of the hydraulic fluid is critical to the health of your entire system, while ISO 4405 is the best method to use when maximum particle size is the system’s greatest failure threat.
These tests can be completed for you by your hydraulic fitting manufacturer. The results will help determine what measures you need to ensure optimum system fluid cleanliness.
ISO 4406
When running this test, we use fluid to flush the fitting, then put the flushed fluid into a bottle for laser inspection. This allows us to analyze laser reflections to determine how many particles over a predetermined micron size are contained within the fluid. The result is a grade based on how many of these particles are present. You have probably seen these grades listed on product prints as sets of two or three numbers such as 21/18/15 or 18/15. Each number corresponds to a projected amount of particles over a certain length.
Minimizing the amount of harmful particles is important in a system that is running at the high end of a pressure threshold where heat is its greatest enemy. Proper fluid viscosity cannot be maintained when hydraulic oil gets too dirty, and machine components must work harder and run hotter to complete the job. This reduces the lifespan of a machine.
ISO 4405
This testing requires the identification of both mass per area and longest particle found in the system. ISO 4405 explains the method and apparatus needed to obtain these values.
Particle size is critical. Having one million particles under four micron might not matter for some hydraulic systems because the particles are small enough to pass through the system. On the other hand, you could have very clean fluid, but one giant particle (1 mm or greater) could ruin a piece of machinery, like your $10,000 servo valve. When particle size is important, you need ISO 4405 for testing.
Additional contamination protection
Industry professionals are also adopting contamination prevention techniques. One such prevention method is the use of screen fittings. Screen fittings protect critical components and precision orifices by trapping metal flakes and particles that enter the system during installation. While not intended to replace normal filtration equipment, screen fittings are a “last-chance” protection method in numerous hydraulic and pneumatic applications.
Rob King, Engineering Supervisor, Parker Tube Fittings Division
